用QSAR模型预测苯酚类化合物对发光菌的联合毒性

测定了苯酚与11种取代苯酚对发光菌的单一毒性和毒性单位比为1:4,1:1,4:1二元混合物的联合毒性.采用相加指数法对联合毒性进行了评价,结果表明,苯酚和取代苯酚的二元混合物对发光菌的联合作用以相加作用为主.在此基础上,根据12种苯酚类化合物的单一毒性建立了QSAR方程: -lgEC₅₀=6.158-0.279pKa,对混合物中取代苯酚的毒性进行了预测,预测值与实测值吻合较好.     

彗星试验检测酚类化合物对小鼠脾脏细胞DNA损伤的研究

应用彗星试验技术,研究了酚类化合物对小鼠脾脏细胞DNA的损伤作用,试验结果表明,12种酚类化合物对小鼠脾脏细胞均能引起不同程度的DNA损伤,并呈现剂量效应关系.与对照组相比,均有显著性差异(P＜0 05,P＜0 01).试验结果亦表明,其DNA的损伤程度与化学结构有一定的关系.      

茚虫威对斑马鱼的急性毒性及遗传毒性

茚虫威属噁二嗪类新型广谱高效杀虫剂,在农业生产中有着重要作用,近年来随着用量的增加,由此产生的对水生生物的影响越来越受到重视。使用斑马鱼进行茚虫威的急性毒性作用实验,并采用微核试验、彗星试验、Annexin V-FITC/PI双染色检测观察染毒后的斑马鱼是否被诱导产生遗传毒性。结果表明:在24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h,茚虫威LC50值分别为2.263mg·L-1、2.184 mg·L-1、2.184 mg·L-1、2.133 mg·L-1。茚虫威对斑马鱼急性毒性属中等毒性。96 h茚虫威浓度为1.98 mg·L-1和2.16 mg·L-1时,斑马鱼的微核率与对照组相比达差异极显著水平(P0.01)。采用彗星试验检测斑马鱼肝脏DNA损伤,结果显示斑马鱼暴露于高浓度1.98 mg·L-1和2.16 mg·L-1茚虫威后,与对照组相比,斑马鱼的DNA损伤均表现为极显著差异(P0.01)。采用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染色流式细胞仪法检测,结果表明染毒后24 h斑马鱼肝细胞出现细胞凋亡现象。实验结果进一步表明,茚虫威对斑马鱼短期染毒后诱导细胞凋亡,表现出遗传毒性。     

彗星试验技术在水生与土壤环境中的毒理学应用

彗星试验是一种检测真核细胞脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)损伤的技术,快速、低成本、适用于几乎所有真核细胞,因此常应用于遗传毒理学、辐射生物学、肿瘤细胞学、毒性检测等方面。尤其以灵敏度高、检测联合毒性的特点大量运用于环境研究中。主要介绍彗星试验方法学发展历程,彗星试验的原理及其在环境领域中的应用,并指出应用中的受限因素以及未来的发展前景,为今后进一步推广该试验技术提供理论上的指导与参考。     

油田硫酸盐还原菌快速定量检测方法

现有油田废水中硫酸盐还原菌检测周期长、检测费用较高,本研究应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术与倍比稀释法(MPN)相结合的DSR-MPN-PCR法,对硫酸盐还原菌进行快速定量检测.从废水中制备了直接用于PCR扩增的菌液,保证了定量准确性;建立以硫酸盐还原菌亚硫酸盐还原酶基因(Dsr)为靶位点的通用探针DSR1F和DSR5R的反应体系和扩增条件.结果表明,该方法检测灵敏度明显比液体稀释培养法高2个数量级,真实地表征了废水中实际的SRB菌数量,整个操作过程需要3～4　h,检测结果非常稳定,降低了检测费用,可以在生产中应用.     

Assessment of source water contamination by estrogenic disrupting compounds in China

Detection of estrogenic disrupting compounds (EDCs) in drinking waters around China has led to rising concerns about health risks associated with these compounds. There is, however, a paucity of studies on the occurrence and identification of the main compounds responsible for this pollution in the source waters. To fill this void, we screened estrogenic activities of 23 source water samples from six main river systems in China, using a recombinant two-hybrid yeast assay. All sample extracts induced significant estrogenic activity, with E2 equivalents (EEQ) of raw water ranging from 0.08 to 2.40 ng/L. Additionally, 16 samples were selected for chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The EDCs of most concern, including estrone (E1), 17βup-estradiol (E2), 17αup-ethinylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), diethylstilbestrol (DES), estradiol valerate (EV), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-nonylphenols (4-NP) and bisphenol A (BPA), were determined at concentrations of up to 2.98, 1.07, 2.67, 4.37, 2.52, 1.96, 89.52, 280.19 and 710.65 ng/L, respectively. Causality analysis, involving comparison of EEQ values from yeast assay and chemical analysis identified E2, EE2 and 4-NP as the main responsible compounds, accounting for the whole estrogenic activities (39.74% to 96.68%). The proposed approach using both chemical analysis and yeast assay could be used for the identification and evaluation of EDCs in source waters of China.     

生物可降解材料PHBV的细胞毒性评价的研究

通过体外细胞毒性试验,对新型材料β-羟基丁酸与β-羟基戊酸共聚物(PHBV)的细胞生物相容性进行了研究.主要依据ISO10993及GB/T16886-1997的标准,应用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT assay)比色法对PHBV的细胞毒性进行评价.选用不同体积分数、不同温度下的PHBV材料浸提液为培养液,以及与PHBV材料直接接触培养来检测1d、3 d、5 d小鼠成纤维细胞BHK-21的相对增值率,确定PHBV材料的毒性程度.实验结果表明,PHBV材料即使在高温下其物理化学性质也很稳定;它的细胞毒性程度为0级,有着良好的细胞生物相容性.     

微囊藻毒素的酶联免疫法分析影响因素探讨

考察样品与抗微囊藻毒素(MC)-LR的单克隆抗体(单抗)加入间隔时间、温育温度、检测时间、pH、H2O2、Fe2+等不同因素对酶联免疫法(ELISA)测定MC-LR的影响。结果表明:(1)随着样品与单抗加入间隔时间延长,MC-LR测定值逐渐降低。(2)25、37℃下,MC-LR测定值几乎没有差别,测定结果与取用标准样品具有很好的一致性。(3)不同检测时间下,无论是低浓度还是高浓度标准样品,MC-LR测定值均有一定变化,虽然幅度均不大,但仍然建议终止反应后尽快比色。(4)当pH为7～9时,MC-LR测定值变化不大。(5)当H2O2摩尔浓度为0.1、1.0、10.0mmol/L时,均会对ELISA产生干扰。通过水浴去除H2O2后,H2O2初始摩尔浓度分别为0.1、1.0mmol/L时,MC-LR回收率分别达到87%及81%。(6)Fe2+对酶有显著的抑制作用,可通过沉淀过滤的方式消除干扰。     

Trophic transfer of pyrene metabolites and nonextractable fraction from Oligochaete (Lumbriculus variegatus) to juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Cell lines of Etroplus suratensis established in our laboratory were evaluated for their potential use as screening tools for the ecotoxicological assessment of tannery effluent. The cytotoxic effect of tannery effluent in three cell lines derived from eye, kidney and gill tissue of E. suratensis was assessed using multiple endpoints such as Neutral Red (NR) assay, Coomassie Blue (CB) protein assay and Alamar Blue (AB) assay. Acute toxicity tests on fish were conducted by exposing E. suratensis for 96 h to tannery effluent under static conditions. The toxic effect of tannery effluent on the survival of fish was found to be concentration and time dependent. The tannery effluent at the concentration of 15% caused 100% mortality at 96 h whereas the lower concentration (0.5%) caused 13.33% mortality. The cytotoxicity of tannery effluent was found to be similar in the three cell lines tested, independent of the toxic endpoints employed. EC₅₀ values, the effective concentration of tannery effluent resulting in 50% inhibition of cytotoxicity parameters after 48 h exposure to tannery effluent were calculated for eye, kidney and gill cell lines using NR uptake, AB and cell protein assays. Statistical analysis revealed good correlation with r² = 0.95-0.99 for all combinations between endpoints employed. Linear correlations between each in vitro EC₅₀ and the in vivo LC₅₀ data, were highly significant p < 0.001 with r² = 0.977, 0.968 and 0.906 for AB₅₀, NR₅₀, and CB₅₀, respectively.